Naxos - The Mycenaean period

Settlement - Naxos - The Mycenaean period

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During the course of the 2nd millennium Bc the autonomy of the fresh and customary civilization of the Cyclades began to decline in the face of the rising power of other centres in the Aegean: first that of Minoan Crete and later that of Mycenaean Greece.

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Settlement

When the Minoan empire collapsed in about 1400 Bc the Aegean islands formed a bridge by way of which the power of Mycenae and similar centres was able to expand eastwards.

The population of Naxos moved north-west, in the direction of mainland Greece. It was at this time that the large Mycenaean city was founded at Grotta, a hamlet which was to survive into the early Geometric duration (c. 1000 Bc). Huge cemeteries grew up at Aplomata and Kamini.

A myth tells us that the fleet of Neleus, son of Codrus the last king of Athens, was blown off course by a storm while navigation east and landed at Naxos. This is indicative of the island's role as a way-station between Greece and the east and a stopover for Mycenaean craft travelling in that direction.

Geometric and Archaic Periods

By about the 7th century Bc Naxos had an oligarchic regime with an widespread caste of rich and remarkable nobles known as 'pacheis', the fat ones. The main town stood on the hill which the Kastro of Hora now occupies and there were also settlements in other parts of the island. Agriculture and stock-breeding continued to be the chief career of the populace, along with fishing, trade and crafts.

Naxos sent colonists to Arkesine and maybe Aigiale on Anaphi, and close relations grew up with Thira (Santorini). Jumping to a somewhat later duration (so as to show the extent of colonization from Naxos), in 734 Bc the island lent its ships to the city of Chalkis, with which it had friendly relations, to send colonists west. They went to Sicily and, in gratitude for having in case,granted the transport, the settlers from Chalkis gave the name of 'Naxos' to one of the colonies that they founded there.

During the Archaic period, Naxos was in continuous friction with Miletus, Erythrae and Paros. During one of the wars Archilochus of Paros, his island's greatest poet, was killed. It would appear from the monuments that Naxos in the 7th and early 6th centuries controlled and operated, approximately without challenge, the major Ionian religious centre of Delos. The oldest structure on Delos and many of the most foremost offerings are Naxiot, and given that Delos was sacred to Apollo, it might be said that the course of Naxos at this time was 'the Apollo line.'

The deme (community) of Naxiots dedicated a whole of primary vessels to Delian Apollo and also a whole of extremely impressive monuments to the god's other shrines, notably the Sphinx at Delphi. Naxiot colonists carried the worship of Apollo to Amorgos and During the Archaic duration there was a strong Naxiot presence at the shrine of Ptoan Apollo in Boeotia.

This flourishing of the island's society was accompanied from a very early date by the amelioration of the arts. It was on Naxos that the school of statue that would leave its mark on all antiquity rose to prominence and took on the element of the monumental.

Marble had always been an abundant and customary material on Naxos. At about this duration it began to be exported for the huge construction projects on Delos and the other foremost Greek sanctuaries wherever man felt the need to express himself in terms rather larger than life. literally the craftsmen of Naxos had primary influence on the exact nature of the finished product, since the statues left their quarries with the rough outlines of their shapes already carved. And it was emery, someone else Naxiot product, that was used to quit off the work.

Not surprisingly, the craftsmen of Naxos were much sought after, and the fortunes they made allowed them to dedicate costly offerings of their own to the gods. They were the first population to build entire structures of pure and unalloyed marble, and there is a legend that Byzes and his son Euergos, sculptors and builders, were the first craftsmen to make marble tiles.

The large nude statues of men and clothed statues of women known to be from Naxos are among the earliest of their type found in Greece. Among the best-known examples is the Artemis (c. 650 Bc) dedicated by Nikandra of Naxos, a member of one of the island's wealthy families, and found on Delos. It can be seen in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. Kouroi of the third quarter of the 7th century made their way from Naxos to Thira, to be unearthed in archaeological excavations. The marble Apollo raised on Delos by the Naxiots about 600 Bc was nearly 25 feet tall.

Among other imposing examples of Naxiot work are the gigantic lions also to be seen on Delos. But the most impressive pieces of all are those that were never finished. They are to be seen at assorted places on Naxos or even in the quarries where they were being produced. Two of these kouroi are at Melyes, while the statue of Dionysus at Apollonas is more than 30 feet tall. It seems that, apart from the practical mystery of arresting these monsters, there may well have been other reasons -perhaps the death of the client or political upheaval- which led to their being abandoned.

Whole structure also fell within the scope of the Naxiot craftsmen, and the 'House of the Naxiots' on Delos, dating from the late 7th century, was the most foremost edifice of its time on the sacred island. At home, the marble temple on the islet of Palatia was in antiquity, and still is today, a sort of 'trademark' for Naxos.

Archaeological explore is still uncovering hitherto unknown aspects of the island's past. Just how arresting and foremost was the temple to Demeter at Gyroulas, near Sangri, has only recently been revealed. The assorted parts of the temple, including its marble roof, have survived in such good health that it would even be potential to re-erect it. It would be possible, that is, for Naxos to secure a monument of unique point for Ionian art, equivalent to the temple of Aphaia on Aegina in the Saronic. And as recently as the summer of 1986 a particularly large temple (13.5 metres by 25 metres) came to light at Iria. This temple was built in the mid-6th century and functioned for nine consecutive centuries until its violent destruction in the 3rd century Ad. This find is of great point for the history of Greek architecture because the temple was built at a time when the transition from granite to marble was being made. Political turmoil, though, was also a feature of this duration in Naxiot history. When, for instance, the widely-respected nobleman Telestagoras was insulted by others of his class, popular feeling against the wealthy broke out into action. The chaos was exploited by someone else noble, Lygdamis, who with the help of his friend the tyrant Peisistratus of Athens, took control of Naxos in about 540 Bc and installed his own tyranny. It lasted until 524 Bc, when Lygdamis was overthrown by the Spartans. After a brief duration of oligarchy, democracy returned to Naxos, and the island was able to withstand a four-month siege by Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, in 506 Bc.

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